Secular law Essay Example for Free

Secular law Essay Incidents in which police officers shoot and kill citizens often provoke substantial controversy. And this is even more true where the shooting occurs as a consequence of a person’s own provocative behavior and in circumstances that be defined as amounting to a victim provoked shooting or a victim precipitated shooting. Where death occurs it may be victim precipitated homicide, and in other terms as suicide by cop. Despite the fact that such events are surprisingly common, the literature is unexpectedly sparse and is often, lacking in empirical study. Outside the law enforcement community, the existence of the phenomenon is not well known and is certainly too often seriously misunderstood. But understanding suicide itself will help to give some understanding to this type of assisted suicide and how it is seen in the eyes of a criminologist. First I want to examine the criminologist perspective of suicide and this was first introduced by Emile Durkheim with his research on suicide that laid the foundation for anomie or strain theory. Anomic suicide, he postulated, occurs when rapid or extreme social change or crisis threatens group norms. People become uncertain of the appropriateness of their behavior. This results in a state of confusion or normlessness. Durkheim’s examples referred to the higher suicide rates during wars and revolutions as well as during periods of economic recession, depression, or advancement. Durkheim considered fatalistic and anomic suicides as opposites, that is, the former reflecting over-control while the latter represents a lack of normative control. Criminologists have extended the idea of anomie or strain to account for the genesis of crime. Durkheim’s four types of suicide are: Egoistic, which is suicide resulting from a weakening of commitment to group values and goals, especially when the individual has come to rely on primarily upon his or her own resources. Altruistic, suicide precipitated by an over-commitment to group values and norms. Fatalistic, suicide derived from excessive regulation. And Anomic, suicide that occurs when rapid or extreme social change or crisis threaten group norms (Vowell May, 2000). In a historical perspective those who believe that the roster of victimless crimes ought to be thinned or eliminated argue that an essential trait of a democracy is that it extends freedom to all citizens so long as that freedom does not infringe upon the equivalent liberty of other people. Those holding this view assert that victimless offenses are outlawed primarily on moral and religious grounds. For example prostitution violates theological dictates condemning fornication and adultery. But most Western religions also condemn a considerable variety of other acts that the criminal law ignores, such as taking the Lord’s name in vain. Suicide also is abhorred in Catholic theology. In earlier times, suicides were declared criminal offenders, their goods confiscated, and their bodies buried in unhallowed ground at crossroads, with stakes driven through their hearts. These views no longer influence secular law. And it is argued, should any other facets of any group’s moral or religious beliefs be imposed by law on those who do not accept the group’s principles unless it can be shown that a particular action harms others. The opposing position holds that victimless crime is a faulty construct that in actual fact there is no such thing. Prostitutes, it is said, degrade women in genera, transmit AIDS and venereal diseases, disrupt families and support men who exploit them ruthlessly. Drug addicts, because of their habit, often are unable to engage regularly in productive work and steal from innocent victims (Schneider, 2000).

Smith Quotes :: essays papers

Smith Quotes Monopoly...is a great enemy to good management. The Wealth of Nations, Book I Chapter XI Part I p148 The monopolists, by keeping the market constantly understocked, by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the natural price. The Wealth of Nations, , Book I, Chapter VII, p63 The price of monopoly is upon every occasion the highest which can be got. The Wealth of Nations, , Book I, Chapter VII, p63 People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary. A regulation which obliges all those of the same trade in a particular town to enter their names and places of abode in a public register, facilitates such assemblies... A regulation which enables those of the same trade to tax themselves in order to provide for their poor, their sick, their widows, and orphans, by giving them a common interest to manage, renders such assemblies necessary. An incorporation not only renders them necessary, but makes the act of the majority binding upon the whole. The Wealth of Nations, , Book I, Chapter X, p130 To widen the market and to narrow the competition is always the interest of the dealers... The proposal of any new law or regulation of commerce which comes from this order, ought always to be listened to with great precaution, and ought never to be adopted, till after having been long and carefully examined, not only with the most scrupulous, but with the most suspicious attention. It comes from an order of men, whose interest is never exactly the same with that of the public, who have generally an interest to deceive and even to opprress the public, and who accordingly have, upon many occasions, both deceived and oppressed it. The Wealth of Nations, p267 On competition: The natural price, or the price of free competition...is the lowest which can be taken, not upon every occasion indeed, but for any considerable time together.

Respect vs. Disrespect

Respect Vs Disrespect By Osita Onyebuchi Respect vs. Disrespect Have you ever met someone who was rude to you and didn't hold you with much regard? How did you feel? Did you feel angry? What do you think respect is? How is respect earned? Respect is an important way of being kind and good to other people. We live in a society that respect is earned not given. With respect there is also an opposite side of disrespect. The definition of respect is to consider worthy of high regard. There are different forms of respect, the word respect is defined as the condition of being esteemed or honored.Disrespect, on the other hand, is defined as a lack of respect. Respect has great importance in everyday life; everyone wants to be respected. Even those who do not give respect expect to be respected by others. We may also learn that how our lives go depends every bit as much on whether we respect ourselves. The value of self-respect may be something we can take for granted, or we may discover how very important it is when our self-respect is threatened, or we lose it and have to work to regain it, or we have to struggle to develop or maintain it in a hostile environment.Some people find that finally being able to respect them is what matters most   Ã‚  It is acknowledged widely that there are many different kinds of respect. Respect may come in different forms, but it will still be perceived as respect. Respect in your family household is very important for a child and any other individual. For example, a child may choose to obey their parent because their parent is very strict and the child doesn’t want to get on their bad side. This form of respect could also be perceived as fear because the child is worried about how the parent will react if they choose to misbehave. Read also Twitter Case StudyThe child would also respect their parent in a way that if they were to request something, the parents will grant the favor. Another example is a police officer respecting the rights of a man they just arrested. This form of respect is leaning towards unalienable rights. The police officer have to give you the respect that you deserve even when you are the one wrong in the situation. The respect goes a long way in our legal system because it’s the foundation on how criminals should be treated. Everybody akes mistakes especially criminals so you should always resect them even if you don’t approve of what they did. We are not in the place to judge anybody regardless of what they did. Everyone’s rights are respected regardless of merit. Another example is a child respecting and looking up to a celebrity. The child is in awe and therefore respects the celebrity. Besides those three examples, there is also religion. In different religions a nd culture comes major respect. The gestures you make with one culture is different with other cultures and religions.The culture of the people of China and Africa demand respect. For example, taking off your shoes before you enter into a house is very big in China but not as big in the United States. Another example would be calling your elders â€Å"aunt† or â€Å"uncle†. In Africa that is major respect, you can’t walk into somebody house and don’t greet them by saying â€Å"aunt or uncle†, Religious tolerance does not mean one cannot express his own beliefs. It does mean that seeking to undermine or attack the religious faith and beliefs of another has always been a short road to  trouble.It doesn’t matter if you dont worship the sam GOD the person next to you, just have respect for their religious beliefs. Cultures and religions are very important to people, so therefore respecting them is also very important. The last example is respe ct in the workplace. When you are at work there are so many rules you have to follow when it comes to respecting your co-workers. For example, there’s is a various amount of beautiful women at your workplace and you tend to gain interest in the person other than business relationship. I would advise not to do it due to the fact that it may come off as a form of disrespect.When it comes to building a relationship in the workplace it just doesn’t work out so try to stay away from that. Aside from respect, there is also disrespect. From being slapped by someone to being publically humiliated, disrespect is alive and well in today’s society. Just like respect, disrespect also comes in different forms. Verbal disrespect is a form of disrespect seen virtually everywhere. Raising your voice to an adult in public, using harsh words towards one another are some examples of verbal disrespect. Verbal disrespect does not always appear to be disrespect.For example, cutting s omeone off while they are speaking and lying and manipulation. When you cut somebody off when they are speaking that shows the person that you are not listening to them and don’t care about what they have to say. Many people are being verbally disrespected but do not notice it because it is not always as harsh as other forms of disrespect. Another form of disrespect is technological disrespect. Many people are disrespected and humiliated on social networks such Facebook, Twitter, and etc. But it doesn’t stop there, emailing texting, and even when talking on the phone can lead to technological disrespect.There is a lot of disrespect on the internet such as Facebook, both male and female can comment on somebody picture and say something sexual that the person would take offensive in disrespect. On twitter people can tweet something sexual and the only reason people are doing it because of fear so they hide behind a computer. Aside from technological disrespect is an even bigger issue of disrespect, physical disrespect. We’ve all heard about violence, not just in relationships but violence in general. Some examples of physical disrespect is violence in a relationship, physically hurting your children or family, or physically harming yourself.Physical disrespect is probably one of the worst forms of disrespect because it not only affects you physically but also emotionally and cognitively. One example of Physical disrespect is the bus driver incident that was over the news. A man should never put his hands on a female regardless of any circumstance. Physical abuse leaves scars that will not go away. In a relationship if you are getting physically disrespected, you should not be in the relationship than, no relationship is worth getting hit all the time. There are many variables when it comes to respect and disrespect.If you always respect a person it is likely that they will disrespect you. In this society that we live in treat others the way that you want to be treated. Respect goes a long way in life. Respect is to consider somebody that is high worthy. Everybody should be high worthy to you , just go by the guidelines provided below and you will be a respected person and also know how important it is to respect somebody else. Work Cite Page Koppelman, A. (2010). How Shall I Praise Thee? Brian Leiter on Respect for Religion. San Diego Law Review, 47(4), 961-986. Colker, J. (2012). THE DANGER OF DISRESPECT. Smart Business Chicago, 9(11), 10.

The Patriot Act By Robert F. Kennedy - 2133 Words

Following the days after the September 11th terrorist attacks, forty-five days to be exact, congress passed the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act stands for the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism. The Patriot Act was enacted in response to the attacks of the September 11th with the intentions of terminating international terrorist operating within American. Thought the Patriot Act stands for protecting America and its citizens it also has many provisions that violate the US constitution. Firstly the Patriot Act encroaches on our First Amendment rights, which allow the citizens of America to speak and express ourselves freely. Secondly it violates the fourth Amendment rights, which protects American citizens against unwanted searches and seizures. The Patriot Act not only violates the Constitution, but represents the loss of our individual liberties as American citizens. The Patriot Act violates our freedom of speec h and expression stated in the first Amendment and the protection from searches and seizures given to us by the fourth Amendment. As Stated by Robert F. Kennedy, an American politician, in his Day of Affirmation Address, the first and most crucial element of our individual liberty is our freedom of speech and the right to express our ideals. It seems following the terrorist attacks from September 11th people became scared and frightened that such a thing could happen, an now people are losingShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of The Patriot Act1260 Words   |  6 Pagesour own government. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the president at the time, George Bush, responded by passing an act. This act is known as the Patriot Act. It allows the government unlimited access to phone records, emails, and text messages without a warrant through National Security Letters and Sneak and Peak Searches. Why do they do this, why was this act passed, they claim it’s for our safety. Both can be obtained and carried out without a judge’s approval, without a warrant, andRead MoreThe Patriot Act Suppresses Criticism of the Government Essay examples1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe most valuable aspects of individualism is the freedom to speak and to express are feelings that is what makes us human, as President Robert F. Kennedy stated in his Day of Affirmation Address that â€Å"†¦the first element of this individual liberty is the freedom of speech: the right to express and communicate ideas, to set oneself apart from the dumb beasts of field and forest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My family came to the U.S. because of the promises of freedom. When we were in India we could not speak ill of the politicsRead MoreEssay on Corruption in US Government1991 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstands at the very least a rough version of. The story of how a group of patriots overthrew standing British power who were invading their rights to privacy, taxing them unfairly, and overall not giving the colonials a square deal. This story gives American’s pride in their identity and government. It also serve s to legitimize the current US Government, for the current officials follow the same Constitution set up by those Patriots who fought the British. However, since the founding of the US GovernmentRead MoreAn Analysis of John F. Kennedys Civil Rights Address1750 Words   |  7 PagesThat same afternoon, John F. Kennedy addresses the nation in an attempt to sooth flared tempers on both sides of the debate. Despite the limited time for preparation, â€Å"†¦ it was one of his best speeches–a heartfelt appeal in behalf of a moral cause that included several memorable lines calling upon the country to honor its finest traditions† (Dallek). Indeed, part of this heartfelt spirit is likely derived from the relative spontaneity of the speech. Nevertheless, Kennedy is well-recognized as skilledRead MoreAPUSH Chapter 11 Study Guide Essay2623 Words   |  11 Pagesbecause it ended the decade of division and Americans could take justifiable pride in vigor their experiment in d emocracy. 2. Jefferson (pp. 216–218) Jefferson was an aristocrat whose sympathies were with the common man— perhaps like F. D. Roosevelt and J. F. Kennedy in the twentieth century. Although his stump speeches called for a maximum of personal liberty and a minimum of government intervention, cite two examples of how he accepted some Federalist programs and became a moderate in practice:Read MorePublic Safety and Individual Rights Paper1852 Words   |  8 PagesPublic Safety and Individual Rights Paper Robert Gubbins University of Phoenix January 20, 2014 AJS/552 There are many challenges that law enforcement agencies faces when it comes to enforcing public safety at the same time protect the rights of individuals. This paper will focus on several key topics involving the relationship between public safety and individual rights. The first topic is the statutory authority and responsibilities of government officials, security personnelRead MoreThe Great Writ of Liberty1762 Words   |  8 Pagesrights (Feldmeier, 2009, pp. 11-12). One of the very first developing cases of habeas corpus involved the slave by the name of Dred Scotts which took place in 1772. Examples: U.S. Suspension of Habeas Corpus â€Å"The Great Writ† or Habeas Corpus Suspension Act of 1863 was the direct result of detaining â€Å"enemy combatants† during the civil war. Under President Lincoln, the ability to invoke such rights was subjected to the constitutionality of withholding combatants of war. Justification for the â€Å"Great Writ†Read MoreEssay about The Endless Gun Control Debate2101 Words   |  9 Pagesof Columbia v. Heller involved a dispute over a handgun ban in the District of Columbia (D.C.). In February 2003, six D.C. residents filed a lawsuit challenging the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975. The Act prohibited D.C. residents from owning handguns. The six residents were assembled by Robert Levy, who was affiliated with the CATO Institute. The CATO Institute is a research organization. Its stated mission is, â€Å"originate, disseminate, and increase understanding of public policies basedRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesguarantee indiv idual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice and consisted of the first ten amendments of the Constitution.[29] John Jay was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, whose membership was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789; the first Supreme Court session was held in New York City on February 1, 1790.[30] In 1803, the Court case Marbury v. Madison made the Court the sole arbiter of constitutionality of federal law.[31] [edit] Foundations for American government Read More Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Essay11890 Words   |  48 PagesElizabeth Cairnes, also of Scotch-Irish ancestry, then living in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, whence, sometime prior to the outbreak of the American Revolution they moved to Baltimore, Maryland. David Poe and his wife, Elizabeth Cairnes Poe, took the patriot side in the Revolution. David was active in driving the Tories out of Baltimore and was appointed Assistant Deputy Quartermaster, which meant that he was a local purchasing agent of military supplies for the Revolutionary Army. He is said to have