Arts, Man on Wire, and Bomb the Suburbs

Lilian Sun Maczynska The Literary Imagination 20 August 2012 Arts, Man on Wire, and Bomb the Suburbs Pan to Houston, Texas at night. On an episode of Stephen Fry in America, produced by Andre Singer, standing on a stage in a dimly lit room, surrounded by Houston’s elite, actor and comedian Stephen Fry speaks of the importance of the arts. â€Å"Oscar Wilde quite rightly said, ‘All art is useless’. And that may sound as if that means it’s something not worth supporting. But if you actually think about it, the things that matter in life are useless. Love is useless. Wine is useless. Art is the love and wine of life.It is the extra, without which life is not worth living. † In contrast to Fry, there are people who wish the government would cut funding for the arts. And then there are the artists. People who fight for the right to practice their art, whether they consciously know they’re fighting or not. People who will go to amazing lengths to sh owcase their art, and their dedication and determination is what gets them mentioned year after year after year. People like Philippe Petit, the quirky French high-wire artist who flew from France just to walk on a wire across the Twin Towers, whose life is forever immortalized in the documentary Man on Wire.People like William â€Å"Upski† Wimsatt, one of the most prolific Chicago-born graffiti artists, who inspired a generation of graffiti artists to view graffiti as an art form in his book Bomb the Suburbs!. Using whatever methods they can, illegal or not, they both worked to achieve their dreams and send their message to the world. They managed to pull people out of the blase outlook mentioned in Georg Simmel’s scholarly essay The Metropolis and Mental Life.One of the most prominent situations where an artist’s dream pulled people out of the unconcerned manner in which they carried themselves was the 1974 high-wire walk between the Twin Towers by Philippe Pe tit. High-wire walking is a form of tightrope walking, much like tight-wire walking, which is the simple art of maintaining balance while walking on a tensioned wire. The difference between the two is that high-wire is at a much greater height. The amount of concentration and balance and individual must have to accomplish this is extremely important in the art of tightrope walking. This s a testament to the level of professionalism and dedication that Petit had. Although he gained his notoriety in the US for walking between the twin towers, he was already gaining observations from various other places in the world, such as France, where he walked between the two spires of the Notre Dame Cathedral, and Australia, where he walked between the two sides of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Petit realized his dream of walking between the Twin Towers when he was sixteen, soon after he had taken up high-wire walking, while in the dentist’s office and seeing an artist’s rendering of the towers as they would look when built.His passion for the art of high wire is best explained by Petit himself in the documentary Man on Wire directed by James Marsh. â€Å"Life should be lived on the edge of life. You have to exercise rebellion: to refuse to tape yourself to rules, to refuse your own success, to refuse to repeat yourself, to see every day, every year, every idea as a true challenge – and then you are going to live your life on a tightrope. † Because of his strong desire to be anything but boring, Petit put everything he had into his art.He practiced with family and friends, letting them help him improve so that one day he would achieve that dream of walking between the Twin Towers. After many years of planning and many hours the previous night setting up, Petit began taking his first steps on the wire. They were all indifferent and did not notice, except the people who were in on ‘the coup’ (his nickname for the act). In 1903, German so ciologist, Georg Simmel speaks of the blase attitude the sights and sounds of the city brought to its inhabitants in his essay The Metropolis and Mental Life. There is perhaps no psychic phenomenon which has been so unconditionally reserved to the metropolis as the blase attitude. The blase attitude results first from the rapidly changing and closely compressed contrasting stimulations of the nerves. † (Simmel par. 5) This is very much the attitude New Yorkers had when Petit started walking across the wire, on the Morning of August 7, 1974. Only after his then girlfriend, Annie Allix, began screaming and pointing to the people around them â€Å"Look! Look! Look, a wire-walker! He’s walking! did people look up and see him, this magnificent artist, walking on the wire, and they were astounded. Said the police officer, Sgt. Charles Daniels, who was sent to apprehend him, † †¦ I observed the tight rope dancer†¦ because you couldn't call him a walker†¦ approximately half-way between the two towers. I personally figured I was watching something that somebody else would never see again in the world. Thought it was once in a lifetime. † By following his dream, no matter the risk (falling to his death, getting arrest d for trespassing), Philippe Petit brought to the world, his own little piece of art, forever immortalized in history, and will always be known as the man who laid in the clouds. Fast forward twenty years, and you’ve wandered into the time period of William â€Å"Upski† Wimsatt. A poor white boy, growing up in the ghetto of Chicago, he was gifted with the art of graffiti. Graffiti is a form of public art, usually spray painted on walls, lamppost, mail boxes, or any other public surfaces, originally used as a form of marking territories between gangs. As time progressed, it became less of a mark of territory, and more of an art form.When graffiti emerged as an art form in the late 1960s in New York City , it was immediately a contentious topic. (Bowen 22) The connotation with gangs and vandalism have fueled the media to paint it in a negative light, and many graffiti artists, or â€Å"writers† as many of them consider themselves, feel that if they spoke up about it, they would be patronized for their art and passion, especially since so many artists came from the ghetto, so instead, they just continued to quietly graffiti on their own, only signing their pieces with their signature, or what is known in the graffiti world as a â€Å"tag†.Above: William â€Å"Upski† Womsott’s tag (left), A piece by Upski entitled â€Å"Upski† (right) A 20-year-old Wimsatt saw the injustice behind this and set out to â€Å"†¦be a pioneering graffiti writer, to be a hip-hop organizer in Chicago, and the be a hip hop journalist. † (Wimsatt 164) in order to revel in the art of graffiti. He writes â€Å"†¦ let’s celebrate the city. Let’s c elebrate the ghetto and the few people who aren’t running away from it. Let’s stop fucking up the city.Let’s stop fucking up the ghetto. Let’s start defending it and making it work for us. † (Wimsatt 11) On the surface of it all, it seems as if Wimsatt only has a strong personal vendetta against suburbs, but he also supports the art of graffiti in a strong way, being an artist himself. With the publication of his book, he inspired a generation of graffiti artists in the 80s and 90s to not hide their art, but to display it proudly and have pride in it and they city in which they live.Although the act of vandalism is illegal (Wimsatt tells of stories where he had to hide and run from the police, or what he perceived to be the police in his paranoia), Wimsatt encourages the act of graffiti in spaces where it can be seen, writing to a fan and fledgling graffiti artist, â€Å"Choose spots that maximize the good impact of the work, while minimizing its b ad side-effects. Maximize public exposure, surprisingness and daring of a piece, while minimizing its insult, and cost to people of the city.The best targets for piecing are usually abandoned buildings, rooftops, and neighborhood permission walls, especially in unexpected places. Questionable targets include all public or private property that gets buffed and raises the cost of living. † (Wimsatt 57) With this, he deliberately proves that he wants to bring recognition and fame to the beauty of the art of graffiti for the art, and not for any destructive reason. Petit and Wimsatt have both brought fame to themselves, and their arts.They both risked getting arrested by the police to be able to showcase this, to inspire a nation, and to motivate a generation. Through diligence, commitment, and persistence, artists every day, not just Philippe Petit and William â€Å"Upski† Wimsatt, contribute to the life force of the arts, as more and more people become aware of the import ance of the arts, and rally to support it. Petit and Though, yes, the arts are not necessary to live, and not every person needs it to be able to sustain a job or anything of the like, however, if one would just imagine the works without art, it is a bleak world.No paintings, no music, no tv, no fashion, no anything that makes this world one worth living in. Like Stephen Fry said, â€Å"Art is the love and wine of life. It is the extra, without which life is not worth living. † 10 Philippe Petit and William â€Å"Upski† Wimsatt unquestionably believe that. Works Cited * Bowen, Tracey E. â€Å"Graffiti Art: A Contemporary Study of Toronto Artists. †Ã‚  Studies in Art Education  41. 1 (1999): 22-23. Print. *   Fry, Stephen. â€Å"Mountains and Plains. †Ã‚  Stephen Fry in America. Dir. John-Paul Davidson and Michael Waldman.BBC. 02 Nov. 2008. Television. * Man on Wire. Dir. James Marsh. Prod. Simon Chinn. By Igor Martinovic, Michael Nyman, J. Ralph, and Jinx Godfrey. Magnolia Pictures, 2008. DVD. * Simmel, Georg. â€Å"Altruists International – 404 Error Page. †Ã‚  Altruists International – 404 Error Page. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Aug. 2012. ;http://www. altruists. org/static/files/The%20Metropolis%20and%20Mental%20Life%20(Georg%20Simmel). htm;. * Wimsatt, William Upski. Bomb the Suburbs. New York, NY: Soft Skull, 2000. Print.

The Vicissitudes of the Latin Plural in English

The Vicissitudes of the Latin Plural in English The Vicissitudes of the Latin Plural in English The Vicissitudes of the Latin Plural in English By Maeve Maddox A recent forum question asks about the word data. The dictionary says the word data can be treated as a singular. But strictly speaking the word is a plural. How does such a thing happen in language? You wouldnt say, the cars is fast. How does a plural gain acceptance as a singular? The answer is, A plural gains acceptance as a singular because language is always changing to suit the comfort of the people who speak it. In the case of data, the singular form datum has been rejected by most English speakers as not sounding right. Hence data is and data are. When the study of Latin was standard in the curriculum of English- speaking children, no one thought twice about using datum as the singular form of data. Now that Latin is a rarity in American education, datum sounds foreign and has been abandoned in general usage. The distinctions between Latin singulars and plurals is still observed for some English words in some contextsscientific or academicbut for the most part, either the singular or the plural Latin form, depending upon which sounds less English, tends to be dropped. Here are some words that started out with Latin singular and plural forms. In some cases both survive. In others, the plural has been anglicized or taken over as the singular. alumna/alumnae; alumnus/alumni Literally foster daughter and foster son, these words refer in American usage to graduates of an educational institution. Most universities tend to use the masculine forms only. Alumnus is still in use as a singular, but I have heard people use alumni as if it could be either singular or plural. datum/data In common usage the plural, data, has become accepted as either singular or plural. medium/media The parts of this pair have taken on different meanings. The plural, media, has come to mean methods of communication such as newspapers, television, radio, and film. Medium can mean the material used by an artist to produce an artistic creation. It can also mean any method for accomplishing something. Ex. As a reporter, hes a member of the media. Which of these mediums do you prefer, watercolor or oil? By means of what medium do you expect to accomplish this? And yes, another kind of medium is a person through whom spirits speak. appendix/appendices The Latin plural is still in use, but one also hears appendixes. formula/formulae The Latin plural persists in scientific contexts, but one often hears formulas. encyclopedia/encyclopediae The English plural encyclopedias is more common than the Latin. index/indices The Latin plural is used in academic contexts, but one commonly hears indexes. axis/axes I dont think Ive ever heard anyone say axises. Its not a word that commonly comes up in conversation. crisis/crises I have heard crisises but in this case the Latin plural crises [cry seez] is easier to say and will probably persist. criterion/criteria Here is a pair that persists in both the Latin singular and plural. One judges the worth of a book according to a set of criteria. One criterion might be style. Another criterion might be accuracy. phenomenon/phenomena A tornado is a phenomenon of Nature. Other phenomena are earthquakes, thunderstorms, and floods. Both the singular and plural forms of this word are alive and well. agendum/agenda Here the singular form has dropped out and people speak of both an agenda and agendas. memorandum/memoranda Both of these forms are still in use, but Ive heard memorandums. cactus/cacti Some people still use the Latin plural, but one hears cactuses. fungus/fungi[fun dzhai] Both forms are in use, but one also hears funguses. hippopotamus/hippopotami Since most people now call them hippos, the Latin plural is not much in use. The plural hippopotamuses is a mouthful and when used tends to sound humorous. Some other unusual singular/plural pairs that may seem to derive from Latin come instead from Greek. They are sometimes mistakenly given invented Latin plurals. octopus You may hear someone use the plural octopi for this word, but the Latin plural would be octopodes. The English plural is octopuses. stigma Heres a word whose original plural has taken on a different meaning with the result that stigmata and stigmas mean different things. A stigma is some kind of negative mark. It is usually used figuratively. Ex. In the 1950s a woman was ruined by the stigma of an illegitimate child. The politician was never able to overcome the stigma of having embezzled state funds. The plural of stigma is stigmas. The original plural stigmata refers to the crucifixion wounds of Christ and to the marks of these wounds as they have appeared on the bodies of certain Christian mystics. Ex. Mystics known to have experienced stigmata include Francis of Assisi and Catherine of Siena. dogma The original plural was dogmata, but dogmas has prevailed. The older plural, however, gives us the adjective dogmatic. There are several other Latin and Greek singular/plural pairs still in use, but these are probably the most common. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.English Grammar 101: Verb MoodDissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied

Projects # 1,3,5 Example

Projects # 1,3,5 Example Projects # 1,3,5 – Speech or Presentation Example Insert and box number here) MA 120 BID: 294 18 February Project 5: Linear Programming Applications An automobile manufacturer makes cars and trucks in a factory that is divided into two shops. Shop 1, which performs basic assembly, must work five man-days on each truck, but only two man-days on each car. Shop 2, which performs finishing operations, must work three man-days for each car or truck it produces. Because of men and machine limitations, Shop 1 has 180 man-days per week available, while Shop 2 has 135 man-days per week. If the manufacturer makes a profit of $300 on each truck and $200 on each car, how many of each should be produced to maximize profit?The variables when solving this particular equation include the man-days, and the machine limitations. The constraints presented in this particular problem are the man-days available per week, which vary depending on shop and task. The objective function of this particular equation is to determine the best way to maximize profi ts based upon vehicles produced. Solution: Let x be the number of trucks and y the number of cars to be produced on a weekly basis. 5x + 2y

The Geography of Russia and Neighboring Countries Essay

The Geography of Russia and Neighboring Countries - Essay Example However, the Russian-speaking group forms more than half of the population followed by Ukrainians, then Uzbeks. There are also other smaller ethnic tribes within the country including Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash. The country has a population of 142, 470, 272 people with a growth rate of 0.03%. Estimates place the birth rate at 11.8 per 1000 with an infant mortality rate of 7.08 per 1000 infants. The federation has a life expectancy of 70.16 years and 21.5 population densities per square kilometer. According to 2010 estimates, Russia has a 99.70% literacy level. The statistics are almost similar to those of the neighboring countries, especially the Scandinavian countries in east Europe or west of Russia. The federation of Russia recovered from a whole decade of post-Soviet political and economic turmoil to reposition as a world power. The Soviet Union comprised of several countries, precisely fifteen, which included the Russia republic and Scandinavian countries. The religious people of Russia and its neighboring countries can be categorized into Russian orthodox, Christians and Muslims (Kort 30). Russia and neighboring countries are lavishly endowed with natural resources. The federation produces 20% of world’s natural gas. Oil is also available and a valuable commodity in the country. It is self-sufficient in all key industrial raw materials (Blinnikov 60). It also has reserves of less vital, but nevertheless valuable, natural resources, including gold and diamonds. Russia and the neighboring countries are generously furnished with agricultural productive environment. Blinnikov (70) indicates that the neighboring Scandinavian countries provide more than 10% of worlds forest cover. The country encloses all of the vegetation zones in the world except tropical rain forest. The coldest weather is found in the east and north of the country. Extreme weather is nastiest from April

Bermuda Triangle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bermuda Triangle - Research Paper Example A body of water that seems to take human sacrifices, making both man and machine disappear as they trek across its waters. Be it by air or sea, it seems that there is an unnatural force existing in that area that our modern abilities cannot overcome. The Bermuda Triangle has thus, remained a mystery for many decades now. However, time has not satiated man's quest to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. Rather, it has only fed his desire to conquer one of the most inexplicable places on our planet. Therefore, the questions continues to remain â€Å"What is the Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle?†. There have actually been a number of myths developing around the strange and mysterious disappearance that have happened in the area that can be traced all the way back to the time of Columbus and the discovery of the New World. Historically, there have been a long line of military and private vessels that have gone missing within the triangle area, the most popular disappearance being that of the fame female pilot Amelia Earhart. Most recently however, famed fashion designer Vittorio Missoni was also reported to have disappeared during a flight that took his plane directly into the triangle's path (Speigel, Lee â€Å"Vittorio Missoni's Disappearance Gives Rise to New Fears of Bermuda Triangle Worldwide†). ... on in the North Atlantic Ocean that forms a triangle using the bodies of water located within three key points; Miami, Florida, Bermuda, and San Juan, Puerto Rico (â€Å"The Bermuda Triangle†). When one views the and traces these location points on a current world map, one will easily notice the triangle formation that exists within the three. It is this very specific shape of the area that led to the name Bermuda Triangle, with Bermuda being the central point between the three. Although most popularly known as the Bermuda Triangle by most people, the name was never made official for the area. In fact, there is still a huge scientific and social debate as to whether the Bermuda Triangle actually exists or not. The area has not even been cordoned off ala Area 51. Instead, the stretch of water occupied by these points continue to be a source of air and water traffic for the region. There have been no reports of extra precautions being undertaken such as higher insurance premiums or vessel surveillance when ships and planes pass through the area. Agrosy Magazine was the first magazine to have used the term â€Å"Bermuda Triangle† in an article written by Vincent H. Gaddis in 1964. Gaddis is documented in the magazine article as being the first person to use the term in making a publicly claim that ships and planes disappeared under mysterious circumstances within this sea area. However, Fate Magazine in 1952 published the first documented claim that the area seemed to be infested with strange accidents (â€Å"The â€Å"Mystery† of the Bermuda Triangle†). These published claims helped fuel the various theories that added to the mystery and interest of the public in learning more about what lay beneath the mysterious waters. Covering an area of over 500,000 square miles, the

(option 2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

(option 2) - Essay Example All the wars and tragedies that occurred in this century were as a result of one thing, indifference. Indifference refers to a state where a person cannot distinguish between cruelty and companion, dusk and dawn, crime and punishment, good and evil, light and darkness. Indifference is an ethical act that is mostly practiced by people who want to live normally, have fine meals, and keep their sanity, while the world around them perish in suffering. Indifference as a vice has made many people to overlook other people’s despairs and pains. In this situation, most people are only interested in striving for their own safety and success, and this makes them to avoid rude interruptions to their dreams, hopes and work. This means that, people who are indifference consider their neighbors’ despairs and pains as of no consequence to their lives. Their indifferences reduce their neighbors to abstractions. For instance, most people who have never been into the prisons are totally unaware of what happens behind the black gates. The prisoners usually perish in suffering, surviving on unhealthy food and wrapped in torn clothes. Most of them have lost their sense of self worthiness, and they are even unaware of where they are: strangers to their environment. Indifference is also an associate of enmity. This is because it usually only benefits the aggressors, but not the victims whose sufferings and pains intensifies as they fee l forgotten and abandoned. The aggressors always do not respond to the plights of hungry children, homeless refugees, and political prisoners in their cells. This makes the victims to lose hope in fighting for a brighter future by regaining their human memory. As we are moving into a new millennium, it is important for people who are still indifference to learn from the Nineteenth Century’s events that, this act is not only a sin, but it is also a punishment. With indifference, it

Online Education vs. Traditional Education Essay Example for Free

Online Education vs. Traditional Education Essay Which type of education would fit a person’s life and ones family’s life the best online education or traditional education? When making a decision about furthering one’s education think about it hard and think about what type of life that person is living, is it calm and easy going? Or is the person always busy and running around doing something with one’s children or just always doing something? Choosing a type of education is a very important decision to make and should not be made quickly, one would need to think about it and research each type of education rather it be online or traditional before making that choice of which education would work best for that person. Compared to traditional education, online education is the new age of education, and also is much more convenient and less intimidating for most students. Traditional education is more on a set schedule and is more for the hands on learners. Traditional education is still a superior way to receive an education over the online education, but online education is the new, easier and more advanced way to also receive an education. Online education and traditional education are both awesome ways to receive an education, but also are both very different ways to learn. That person just has to decide which type of education would fit one’s life better online education with easier convenience or traditional education that is on a straight and narrow line. Choosing a type of education is one of the most important decisions that one can make in one’s lifetime, so just be careful over which type of education that one should choose. First we will start out by discussing online education. Online education is of much easier convenience than traditional education, because a person can do it at home or even on the go. Online education is ideal for the working parent, or the on the go adult. Many people choose online education over traditional education because for most students it is less intimidating. The student is in their own environment and it lets them feel more comfortable, so the student can participate and not be scared of what another student will say or do. Also it involves the students more because during online education the student has to post to other students or interact with them, and the teacher as well or the student does not get participation grade and that is important when doing online education. The shy type students feel more comfortable doing it online because the student is not face-to-face with all the other students they are hidden behind the computer so the student doesn’t have to worry about getting picked on or anything in that students own home. When one chooses to do education online it also contributes to the students to learn better computer skills and the new technology about the computer so they can keep up and be able to graduate the online classes. When one chooses to do online education you have to be able to use the computer to an extent to be able to complete the necessary work needed for online classes. Online education is for the self-paced learners unlike traditional education which is for the visual learners. Online education and traditional education are different ways of learning and it depends on the person and which one would be correct for that person. Now second let us talk about traditional education. Traditional education is on a set margin every day and nothing changes with the school schedule. In traditional education your attendance is mandatory and is required basically every day for that student’s participation. When in a traditional education class room it enables teacher and student interaction and encourages face-to-face communication. The student has no choice but to talk to the teachers and the other students to get that student’s opinion. When students are in a traditional classroom setting around other students or one’s peers it creates some competition between the other students, and that is a huge thing to have among student peers. A little competition among students only gets them to go over and beyond to be the best or at least on the same page as the other students. One student doesn’t want to be left behind the other students concerning grades or assignments. Traditional education is perfect for the hands on learners, the ones that need things to be in front of their face to learn things completely. In traditional education you are on a set schedule every day, where nothing changes except maybe the class, unlike with online education which is much more flexible. Traditional education is much more on the straight narrow line than online education is. When one chooses to go the traditional education route then you have to show up in class, and you have to sit through lectures from your instructor and cram all that information into notes or in your head. That is why a person has to make sure to make the perfect choice for continuing education if it would be online education or traditional education. Finally when it comes to concerning comparing the two types of education you can find the correct type of education for the type of person you are. Traditional and online education is so very different, but also is alike in many ways to. The two types of education both have classes, teachers, deans or principals, interaction with other students and teachers either face-to-face or over the computer, grades that you have to keep up to pass the class, plus there are many more. Differences in the two types of education between online and traditional education is what makes the choice of the right type of education for that type of person so hard to choose. Some of the things are like the tuition cost, the type of learner that you are, and some of the degrees that you earn from the college are accredited more than the others are. Online education tuition is usually cheaper than traditional education, but traditional education degrees are more accredited than online education in most places of business to receive a job. Like for example if two different people were applying for the same job and one had a degree over an online education university course, and the other person went to an university on campus, then more than likely the one that went to the college on campus will get the job. Not saying that online degrees are not accredited most of them are it all just depends on the university that you got the degree at, and the person over the job you are wanting to get. One of the biggest things about choosing which type of education is the best for that type of person is what type of learner that person is. If you can just read or research something and it helps you learn the subject then online education would be great for you. If you need visual and hands on learning or a teacher showing and instructing you on how to do something then traditional education would be the best option for that person. At last Online education and traditional education both has their own strengths and their own weaknesses in many different and similar ways. When making a choice of going back to school it is such an important decision to make, and one should never just jump into taking classes or continuing one’s education without making sure which type of education would be the best for that person and that person’s family. Online education is much more convenient and easier to incorporate into your everyday life, unlike with traditional education. Traditional education is on a set schedule and set margin. Every day is the same routine and you have to show up for class which could be hard for the working parent or even some students. When it comes to concerning tuition cost online education tuition is usually cheaper, although traditional education tuition may cost more, but there degrees are also more accredited by more businesses so you could get a job easier or faster. So just because online education is cheaper doesn’t mean it is better, but just because traditional education cost more doesn’t mean it is better either, it all depends on the person and the way that person’s life is. Each type of education has its good points and its bad points, so before choosing to go back to school think about it hard and rational so that each person can decide which type of education online education or traditional education is going to work the best for that person and that person’s family. References- www. isnare. com Author: Bob Willouby. Carl Rogers on Personal Power Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Freedom to Learn- Carl Rogers. Humanistic Education: Objectives and Assessment Maslow, A. H. The Farther Reaches of Human Nature- Carl Ed. Letters, and Glickman. What We Can Do About the Real Crisis in Public Education- David F. Labaree The Assessment Debate- Valerie J. Janesick.